3. Research at Kinet Höyük (1991-2000)
After a regional survey in 1991 (Gates and Özgen 1993), a short first season was carried out in 1992 by M.-H. Gates for Bilkent University and the Hatay Museum. (See Figure 1.) Sondage trenches on the east, north and west sides of the mound uncovered stratified phases from the medieval to the Early Iron Age. Based on this information, larger-scale excavations took place under her direction and Bilkent University's aegis in 1993-1995, and 1997-1999, with a study season in 1996. Excavations continued in 2001 after a study season in 2000. The medieval excavations have been directed by S.N. Redford since 1997. (See Figure 6.)
Architectural levels of the medieval period (12th-14th centuries AD), Iron Age, Middle Bronze (see Figure 2 and Figure 3), and Late Bronze Ages have so far received the most attention: they are often burnt, with finds preserved in situ. The 1992-94 stratigraphic sounding on the west slope of the mound has traced the site's earlier stages, which ceramic finds would extend back to the Neolithic 6th millennium B.C. Finds of all periods illustrate the far-flung economic and social networks in which Kinet participated. Contacts with Cypriots, Hittites (see Figure 4), Canaanites, Mycenaean and Iron Age Greeks, Phoenicians, Assyrians (see Figure 5), Phrygians, Persians and -- finally -- Crusaders are indicated by ceramic and other items, and shipping containers make up a significant proportion of vessels in any phase. The current project represents the first investigations other than survey to have been carried out at this site. Excavations from 1992-94 took place on the mound proper. In 1995, they were extended to the east terrace at the foot of the mound, where a 50 m2 excavation area was expanded in 1997 to 200 m2. In 1999, in addition to excavations on the mound and on the east terrace, the first of several projected soundings was excavated in the field northwest of the mound, to begin mapping the diachronic configurations of the ancient bay and estuary harbors.4. Publications
Season reports and brief summaries:
Gates, M.-H.
1994 "The 1992 Excavations at Kinet Höyük (Dörtyol/Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 15/1: 193-200.
1994 "Archaeology in Turkey." American Journal of Archaeology 98: 261.
1995 "Archaeology in Turkey." American Journal of Archaeology 99: 227.
1996 "Archaeology in Turkey." American Journal of Archaeology 100: 293-94.
1997 "Archaeology in Turkey." American Journal of Archaeology 101:253-54.
1999 "1997 Archaeological Excavations at Kinet Höyük (Yesil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 20: 259-81.
2000 "1998 Archaeological Excavations at Kinet Höyük (Yesil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 21/1: 193-208.
2001 "1999 Excavations at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 22/1: 203-222.
2002 "Kinet Höyük 2000 (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 23/2: 55-62.
2003 "2001 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 24/1: 283-98.
2003 "Anadolu'nun Güneyinde Bir Yabancı Kazı: Kinet Höyük." ICOM Türkiye 3: 11-12.
2003 "Kinet Höyük 2002." Anadolu Akdenizin Arkeoloji Haberleri 2003-1: 17-19.
2004 "2002 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 25/1: 405-16.
2005 "2003 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 26/1: 163-74.
2007 "2005 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 28/2: 685-700.
2008 "2006 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29/2: 281-298.
2009 "2007 Season at Kinet Höyük (Yeşil-Dörtyol, Hatay)." Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 30/2: 251-368.
Gates, M.-H. and Özgen, I.
1993 "Report on the Bilkent University Archaeological Survey in Cilicia and the Northern Hatay (1991)." Araştırma Sonuçlari Toplantısı 10: 387-94.
Topical reports:
Akar, M.
2006 The Kinet Höyük MB II Building: The Levantine Palace Tradition in Eastern Cilicia. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
Atauz, A.
2001 "Preliminary Survey of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey." INA Quarterly 28.2: 17-19.
Beach, T. and Luzzadder-Beach, S.
2008 "Geoarchaeology and Aggradation around Kinet Höyük, an Archaeological Mound in the Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey." Geomorphology 101: 416-428.
Çizer, Ö.
2006 Archaeobotanical Macro Remains from Late Bronze Age Kinet Höyük and Tell Atchana (Alalakh) in Southern Turkey: Economical and Environmental Considerations. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Eberhard-Karls Universität Tübingen.
Gates, C.
1999 "Kinet Höyük 1992-1997: The Achaemenid Persian and Hellenistic Periods." Olba II.2: 323-32.
2005 "The Place of the Achaemenid Persian Period in Archaeological Research in Cilicia and Hatay (Turkey)." Pp. 49-69 in P.Briant, R. Boucharlat (eds.), L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide: nouvelles recherches [Persika 6]. Paris: De Boccard.
2006 "Orientalizing and Archaic East Greek Pottery Types from Kinet Höyük (Cilicia)." Pp. 368-372 in B. Avunç (ed.), Hayat Erkanal'a Armağan: Kültürlerin Yansıması/Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections. İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi.
2010 “Greeks in the East: A View from Cilicia.” Pp. 41-45 in S. Solovyov (ed.), Archaic Greek Culture: History, Archaeology, Art and Museology. Proceedings of the International Round-Table Conference, June 2005, St-Petersburg, Russia. BAR Int’l Series 2061. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Gates, M.-H.
1999 "Kinet Höyük in Eastern Cilicia: A Case Study for Acculturation in Ancient Harbors." Olba II.2: 303-12.
2000 "Kinet Höyük (Hatay, Turkey) and MB Levantine Chronology." Akkadica 119-120 77-101.
2001 “Potmarks at Kinet Höyük and the Hittite Ceramic Industry.” Varia Anatolica 13 137- 157.
2006 "Dating the Hittite Levels at Kinet Höyük: a Revised Chronology." Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology [BYZAS 4], ed. by D. P. Mielke, J. Seeher and U.-D. Schoop. 293-309.
2010 "Potters and Consumers in Cilicia and the Amuq during the 'Age of Transformations' (13th-10th centuries B.C.)." in F. Venturi (ed.), Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age. Papers Presented on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the New Excavations in Tell Afis, Bologna, 15th November 2007. Studi e testi orientali 9, Serie Archeologica 2., Bologna: Clueb.
forthcoming "Early Iron Age Newcomers at Kinet Höyük, Eastern Cilicia," Proceedings of the University of Haifa/Ben Gurion University 2001 workshop, "The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples."
forthcoming "From Late Bronze to Iron Age on Syria's Northwest Frontier: Cilicia and the Amuq." Proceedings of the University of Pisa 2006 conference, "Percorsi de Archeologia Siriana: Celebrando 20 anni di archeologia a Tell Afis."
forthcoming "Maritime Business in the Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean: The View from its Ports." Proceedings of the Netherlands-Flemish Institute in Cairo 2008 International Congress on "Intercultural Contacts in the Ancient Mediterranean."
Grave, P., Kealhofer, L., Marsh, B., and Gates, M.-H.
"Using Neutron Activation Analysis to Identify Scales of Interaction at Kinet Höyük, Turkey." Journal of Archaeological Science 35.7: 1974-1992.
Hodos, T.
2000 "Kinet Höyük and Al Mina: New Views on Old Relationships." Pp.145-52 in Periplous. Papers on Classical Art and Archaeology Presented to Sir John Boardman, ed. by G.R. Tsetskhladze, A.J.N.W. Prag and A.M. Snodgrass. London: Thames and Hudson.
2000 “Kinet Höyük and Pan-Mediterranean Exchange.” Pp. 25-37 in The Sea in Antiquity, ed. by R. Brock, T. Cornell, S. Hodkinson, G.J. Oliver. Oxford: BAR.
2006 Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. London: Routledge [Middle Iron Age Kinet is contextualized in chapter 2]
Hodos, T., Knappett, C. and Kilikoglou, V.
2005 “Middle and Late Iron Age Painted Ceramics from Kinet Höyük: macro, micro and elemental analyses.” Anatolian Studies 55: 61-87.
Hynd, A.
1997 A Model of Local Continuity: The 1995 Archaeobotanical Assemblage from Kinet Höyük, Hatay. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Sheffield.
Ikram, S.
2003 "A Preliminary Study of Zoological Changes between the Bronze and Iron Ages at Kinet Höyük, Hatay." Pp. 283-94 in Identifying Changes: The Transition from the Bronze to the Iron Ages in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions, ed. by B. Fischer, H. Genz, É. Jean and K. Köroğlu. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.
Kozal, E.
2006 Anatolien im 2. Jt. v.u.Z. und die Hinterlassenschaften materieller Kultur aus dem Ostmittelraum, insbesondere Zyperns. (Ph.D dissertation, Tübingen) [Cypriot pottery from Kinet Höyük is published in this thesis]
Ozaner, S.
1994 "Dörtyol-Payas (Issos) Ovasy'nda (Antakya) Tarihi Çaglardan Günümüze Süregelen Jeomorfolojik Degisikliklerin Kinet Höyük Üzerindeki Etkileri [Observations on Diachronic Geomorphological Changes in the Dörtyol-Payas (Issos) Plain (Antakya) in the Context of Kinet Höyük]." Araştirma Sonuçları Toplantısı 12: 513-27.
Ozaner, S. and Çalık, A.
1995 "New Thoughts on the Battlefield of Issus." Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 10: 153-73.
Ozaner, S., Gates, M.-H. and Özgen, I.
1993 "Dating the Coastal Dunes of Karabasamak District (Iskenderun Bay) by Geomorphological and Archaeological Methods." Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı 8: 357-67.
Redford, S.N.
2001 "'Port Saint Symeon Seramiği' Denilen Hatay ve Çukurova Bölgesi Sgraffito Seramiği." V. Ortaçağ ve Türk Dönemi Kazı ve Araştırmaları Sempozyumu: 485-90.
2004 "On Saqis and Ceramics: Systems of Representation in the Northeast Mediterranean." Pp. 282-312 in France and the Holy Land. Frankish Culture at the End of the Crusades, ed. by D.H. Weiss and L. Mahoney. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins.
Redford, S.N. and Blackman, M.J.
2005 "Neutron Activation Analysis of Medieval Ceramics from Kinet, Turkey, especially Port Saint Symeon Ware." Ancient Near Eastern Studies 42 (2005) 83-186.
Redford, S.N., Ikram, S., Parr, E.M. and Beach, T.
2001 "Excavations at Medieval Kinet, Turkey: A Preliminary Report." Ancient Near Eastern Studies 38: 58-138.
Songu, F.
1997 Wave-Line Pottery from the Late Iron Age Levels of Kinet Höyük. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Bilkent University.
Steadman, S.
1994 "Prehistoric Sites on the Cilician Coastal Plain: Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery from the 1991 Bilkent Survey." Anatolian Studies 44: 85-103.
Zimmermann, T.
2005 "Perfumes and Polities -- A 'Syrian Bottle' from Kinet Höyük and Anatolian Trade Patterns in the Advanced Third Millennium B.C." Anatolica 31: 161-169.
2006 "Bottles and Netbags -- Some Additional Notes on the Article about 'Syrian Bottles' in Anatolica 31, 2005" Anatolica 32: 229-231.