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Although good grammar, a wide range of vocabulary and attention to mechanical details like spelling and punctuation are important, most marks do not come from these. Obviously knowledge of your subject is vital, but it is not enough in itself; students may have all the knowledge in their heads, but still lose marks through bad writing. Some of the most common reasons for losing marks are empty writing, clichés, over-generalisation and subjectivity.
Some sentences contain no real information, or so little that they are not worth writing (or reading). Sometimes this is because the sentence is logically obvious; it is almost impossible for it to be false. For example:
When we compare the present with the past, we can see some similarities and some differences.
Well of course we can.
Another factor contributing to empty writing is the use of clichés: words which have been used so often they that have lost their meaning. For example:
Turkey is a bridge between Europe and Asia.
Now we are in the twenty-first century ...
Similar to clichés are platitudes: statements which sound nice but do not say much because nobody would really disagree with them. For example:
We should all work together to solve our problems.
A good way to tell if a sentence is empty is to make it negative. If the result sounds stupid, then the sentence is probably empty e.g.
Turkey is not a bridge between Europe and Asia.
Now we are not in the twenty-first century ...
We should not all work together to solve our problems.
Do not tell the reader what everyone knows. "Turkey is a bridge between Europe and Asia" is not only a cliché; it is obvious that, at least physically, Turkey is in both continents. Do not tell the reader that Karl Marx was German or that China is a big country.
A related problem is giving too much detail. Ask yourself if the information you are giving is really necessary to supporourself if the information you are giving is really necessary to support your argument or explain a point, or whether it is just padding to push up the number of words. For example, you might want to say that meat plays an important part in the diet of South-East Anatolia, but you do not need to give a recipe for çig köfte.
Generalisations are necessary in writing, but it is important not to overdo this. Avoid phrases like:
Anything that is really true in these situations is probably so obvious that it is not worth saying.
If you do generalise, it is usually useful to qualify your generalisation with words like "usually", "generally", "in most cases", "the majority of" and so on.
Avoid phrases like "I think" and "In my opinion" when drawing important conclusions, since these may make your writing sound subjective, and could weaken your argument (contrary to what some textbooks may tell you, these phrases are used in academic writing, but tend to be used for minor points where the author is not sure). Even more so, avoid phrases like "I want" and "I hope". You are writing an academic essay, not a speech for International Children's Day.
If not everyone agrees on something, acknowledge this; do not present something as certain unless it really is certain, otherwise your writing will seem dogmatic. Phrases like "it can be concluded that", "it is possible that", and "it can be argued that" are useful here. In general, try to avoid modals of obligation, such as "should" and "must", since these are not very different from saying "I want".