Bilkent University, Graphic Design II

Workshop 6. “Parallel bio”, 16.2.2006

1804-1826

George Stephenson designs the first steam locomotive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeorgeStephenson

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph. He took the picture by setting

up a machine called the “camera obscura” (“dark room”) by the window of his home in France.

It took eight hours for the camera to take the image.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NicéphoreNiépce

1798-1799

Johann Alois Senefelder was an Austrian actor and playwright who invented the printing technique

of lithography.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AloysSenefelder

Alessandro Volta. Advances in science and technology were taking place at the same time that people

were inventing new machinery. In 1800 Alessandro Volta built one of the first electric batteries and

demostrated it to Napoleon, ruler of France.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlessandroVolta

1891-1895

Auguste and Louis Lumière brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit

and projector called the “cinématographe”.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumiere

Jesse W. Reno invented the first working escalator in 1891 (patented March 15, 1892) used at the

Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, New York City.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JesseW.Reno

1884

George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Co. and patents the paper-strip photographic film.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeorgeEastman

Charles Parson patents the steam turbine.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteamengine

1953-1957

The first musician synthesizer invented by RCA.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAMarkIISoundSynthesizer  (www.indiana.edu/emusic)

David Warren invented the “black box” flight recorder.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightdatarecorder

Neslihan Tepehan

Burcu Baykan

Ela Agalar

1826

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produced the world's first photographic image- a view of the courtyard

buildings on his estate in about 1826. It was made on a sheet of pewter covered with bitumen of

Judea, a kind of asphalt that hardened when exposed to light. The unexposed, still soft bitumen

was then dissolved, leaving a permanent image. The exposure time was so long (eight hours) that

the sun moved across the sky and illuminated both sides of the courtyard.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NicéphoreNiépce

Friction matches by John Walker, chemist of Stockton-on-Tees, County Durhan, UK. Originally made

of cardboard coated with potash and antimony, packed by the 100 in thin tubes, and ignited using

glass paper, they were nicknamed “Lucifers”.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JohnWalker

1930

Blueprints and whiteprints: Specialized duplication methods are used for architectural and engineering

drawings that one much longer than the letter-sized carbons, mimeos, and dittos. Blueprints require

a rather complex chemical process. Drawings are made on translucent drafting paper on cloth.

The drawing is placed in contact with paper treated with ferric amonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide.

When exposed to light, the areas not having drawn lines turn blue. A blueprint is thus a negative drawing.

Whiteprint is the commercial terminology to describe document reproduction using the diazo chemical

process. It is also known as the blueline or blue-line process.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint

Clyde William Tombaugh was an American astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto at the lowell

observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, using photographic methods, a blink comparator to compare

photographs of sections of sky taken several nights apart (comparing the two images, a moving object

such as a planet would appear to jump from one position to another, while the more distant objects

such as stars would appear stationary).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClydeTombaugh

1875-1903

Offset printing: Founded by American Litograph Rubel. It is an advanced version of Litography.

In offset printing the image is cast upon a zinc plate rather than on the litographic stone.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset-printing

Slow-motion film by Lucien Bull and Henri Nogues at the Nancy Institute, France.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-motion

1888

The Kodak camera of 1888 was the first hand-held camera to incorporate roll-film, each yielding 100

circular pictures. Weighing just over 1kg, it had a fixed aperture and a single - speed shutter - film

processing was done by the manufacturer.

http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/kodakHistory

Cellulose film: John Carbutt, UK photographer working in the USA. Carbutt persuaded a celluloid

manufacturer to produce sufficiently thin sheets, coated with gelatine emulsion, for him to roll

through a camera instead of the cumbersome glass-plate negative system.

http://dsir.nic.in/reports/techreps/tsr160.pdf

1948-1960

Holography was invented in 1948 by Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor, for which he received the Nobel

Prize in physics in 1971, holography was a new departure in image formation, giving a remarkable three-

dimensional effect. It was much improved after the laser became available 13 years later.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography

Polaroid land camera:  Dr. Edwin H. Land, who had originally formed his Polaroid Corporation in

Cambridge, Massachusetts to manufacture polaroid sunglasses. The automatic developing and printing

process was carried out in the camera itself. The polaroid colour photo, trade-named 'Polacolor', was

introduced in 1963- a direct positive being produced in one minute.

http://giam.typepad.com/the-branding-of-polaroid

Meriç Köstem

Levent Ince

Basak Balkıs

1990

“Cutfish” scissors designed by Francesco Filippi, produced by Kreo Srl, composed of two parts

(cat & fish) hinged together, to be used by right- or left-handed people, exposed at the "Design

Museum of London", at the "Blade Museum" of Solingen and in other design museums and

modern art galleries in the world.

http://www.ideamagazine.net/arch

French designer Bernard Moïse developed a “document clip”, a wellmounted note-and-document

holder, finally composed of a single aluminium section that holds a heavy metal ball.

1993

Danish ceramist Ole Jensen designing the “teapot” attaches great importance to the primary

function of things and to the pleasure of performing everyday tasks; due to the extravagant

proportions of the body, a four-part mold configuration was devised by the designer.

http://www.royalcopenhagen.com/artists

Claudio Colucci prototypes an electric “switch” with a bending mechanism for on-off, i.e. when

the object is bent, the flow of electric current is stopped.

1996

“Mr. Mause” clothes hanger by British designer Sebastian Bergne is made out of PVC bristles

wound into a double zinc stem, producted by d-House, Fedra using the old technology for making

bottle-cleaning brushes.

http://www.designmuseum.org/design/index.php?id=78

“Bell / Pop Up” clothes hanger by Italian designer Rossano Didaglio set out to make an object that

has always been kept hidden inside wardrobes aesthetically pleasant. Due to the colors and the

inflated puffy nature, the hanger has a toy-like appearance.

http://www.dolcevita.com/design/gonfiabili/1.htm

Atahan Atalay

Emre Fuat Bakır

Özlem Incik